Ghana’s educational system has undergone significant transformations over the decades. Once characterised by fully funded university education, the system has evolved to include various financial aid mechanisms and policy reforms aimed at increasing access and equity.
This article explores the journey of Ghana’s education system from its early days to the present, focusing on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
1. The Golden Era of Free University Education
In the post-independence era, Ghana prioritised education as a cornerstone for national development. During this period, university education was entirely free for Ghanaian students. The government covered tuition, accommodation, and even provided stipends for meals and books. Students could access free medical care at university clinics and hospitals. This comprehensive support system was facilitated by the limited number of universities and a strong governmental commitment to education.
However, the sustainability of this model came into question as the number of tertiary institutions and student enrollment increased. Economic challenges and the need for resource allocation led to a reevaluation of funding strategies for higher education.
2. Introduction of Cost-Sharing and Student Loan Schemes
By the late 1980s, the Ghanaian government introduced cost-sharing measures in tertiary education. While tuition remained subsidised, students were now responsible for covering accommodation and other personal expenses.
To assist students, the government established the Student Loan Scheme in 1988, providing financial support to those in need. This shift aimed to balance the increasing demand for higher education with the country’s economic capabilities.
3. Expansion of Scholarship Opportunities
Recognising the financial barriers that many students faced, various scholarship programs were introduced to support needy and brilliant students. Institutions like the University of Ghana offer scholarships such as the Educational Pathways International Scholarship and the SRC Yi Bi Boa Scholarship Scheme, which cover tuition, accommodation, and other expenses for eligible students.
Additionally, organisations like the MTN Ghana Foundation and the Joseph & Elizabeth Quansah Foundation provide scholarships to support students across the country.
4. The Free Senior High School (SHS) Policy
In 2017, the Ghanaian government launched the Free SHS policy to eliminate financial barriers at the secondary education level. This policy covers tuition, boarding, meals, textbooks, and other fees for all students placed into public second-cycle institutions.
The initiative led to a significant increase in enrollment, with numbers rising from 308,799 in 2016 to over 1.2 million in 2023. While the policy has improved access to education, it has also introduced challenges such as overcrowded classrooms and strain on educational resources.
5. Current Landscape of Tertiary Education
Today, Ghana’s tertiary education system comprises numerous public and private institutions. While tuition fees are still subsidised in public universities, students often rely on scholarships and student loans to cover additional expenses.
The government, through the Ghana Scholarships Secretariat, continues to offer financial aid to support students’ educational pursuits. Despite these efforts, challenges such as funding constraints and infrastructure development persist, necessitating ongoing reforms and investments.
In 2025, the government introduced the No-Academic-Fee policy, covering academic facility user fees for over 150,000 first-year students in public tertiary institutions. Funded through the Ghana Education Trust Fund (GETFUND), this initiative aims to ease financial pressure on students and boost enrollment. Additional support measures, including free tertiary education for persons with disabilities and the MahamaCares health fund, reflect a broader commitment to accessible and inclusive education.
Conclusion
Ghana’s educational journey reflects a commitment to expanding access and promoting equity. From the era of fully funded university education to the current landscape of scholarships and financial aid, the country continues to adapt its policies to meet the evolving needs of its population. As Ghana moves forward, sustained investment and innovative strategies will be crucial in ensuring quality education for all.
